Bobrovnikov V. Ittijāq Agreements in Daghestan in the Eighteenth — Nineteenth Centuries // Manuscripta Orientalia. Vol. 8. No. 4. December 2002. P. 20—27.
This article examines the historical and legal content of Arabic-
language agreements (Arab. ittifāq) in Daghestan. They
were a popular genre. Several hundred such documents have
survived from the fifteenth – nineteenth centuries; they were
drawn up in the communities (Arab. Jamā‘āt) of mountain
peoples who inhabit that small region on the outskirts of the
Muslim world. The majority date from the eighteenth and
first half of the nineteenth century, although they are frequently
copies of earlier documents. The primary significance
of these legal documents is for the study of the wars,
social upheavals, and political and legal reforms in the local
Muslim community that began in the sixteenth – seventeenth
century and ended with the subjugation of the North
Caucasus by Russia and the creation of the so-called military-
popular administration (1860–1917)...
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